Which factor is most likely to disadvantage test takers in assessments involving U.S. holidays and customs?

Disadvantaging test takers in assessments that involve U.S. holidays and customs is closely related to their level of acculturation to U.S. society. Acculturation refers to the process through which individuals adopt the cultural norms of a dominant or host society, which in this case is the United States. Test takers who have not had the opportunity to experience or fully adopt aspects of U.S. holidays and customs may struggle to understand questions or content that rests heavily on cultural references, traditions, and practices familiar to those who are well-acculturated.

This lack of familiarity can lead to misunderstandings or misinterpretations of assessment items, putting these test takers at a disadvantage compared to their acculturated peers who can draw upon shared cultural knowledge and experiences.