Why were many ELLs unable to complete the Fourth of July-themed assessment?

The correct answer highlights the issue of cultural bias present in the assessment. When an assessment is based on cultural references that are unfamiliar or irrelevant to certain students, such as English Language Learners (ELLs) who may not have been exposed to American traditions like the Fourth of July, it can significantly hinder their ability to complete the task effectively. Cultural bias can manifest in language, themes, or concepts that are not universally understood or applicable to all students, thus potentially leading to unfair disadvantages for those unfamiliar with the culture being referenced.

In this context, although other factors might play a role in student performance, such as L1 (first language) knowledge or visual learning preferences, these do not directly address the situation where the assessment is based on specific cultural elements that may not resonate with all students. Hence, focusing on cultural bias effectively captures the root of the issue impacting ELLs’ ability to engage with and complete the assessment meaningfully.